The Myth that George Washington Carver, a scientist, and a black man in America, invented peanut butter.

The Myth that George Washington Carver, a scientist, and a black man in America, invented peanut butter.

Herein we will discuss whether this is a myth, the "fact" that George Washington Carver, a scientist, and a black man in America, invented peanut butter.

LOL!! Restitution from jif for those with peanut allergies.

Today I found out, contrary to popular belief, George Washington Carver did not invent peanut butter.   The earliest reference to peanut butter being made goes all the way back to the Ancient Incas and the Aztecs, though whether they were the first or not isn’t known (peanuts themselves are known to have been cultivated as far back as 7000-8000 years ago).  Since then, peanut butter has been “invented” numerous times by various individuals throughout history.

Although Carver didn’t invent peanut butter, he did play a significant role in popularizing it and his 1880 “invention” of peanut butter preceded most of the other modern “inventors” of peanut butter.  Carver was one of the greatest inventors in American history, discovering over 300 hundred uses for peanuts with100 or so of those not being related to one another in terms of the end product produced; he also discovered hundreds of uses for soybeans, pecans, and sweet potatoes.

Among the various products he created from peanuts, pecans, soybeans, sweet potatoes, and a few other types of plants were:

• Antiseptic soaps
• Face bleach and tanning lotions
• Various other cosmetic products such as face powders and creams
• Shaving cream
• Shampoo
• Dyes
• Paints
• Wood stains
• Chicken food specialized to increase egg production in hens
• Milk substitute from soybeans and peanuts
• Emulsion for Bronchitis
• Laxatives
• Goiter treatments
• Axle grease
• Charcoal from peanut shells
• Diesel fuel
• Gasoline fuel
• Lamp oil
• Insecticide
• Linoleum
• Lubricating oil
• Nitroglycerin
• Colored paper
• Printer’s ink
• Plastics from soybeans
• Synthetic Rubber
• Laundry soap
• Synthetic marble
• Paving blocks from cotton

Among his peanut inventions were:

• 19 types of leather dyes
• 18 types of insulating boards
• 11 types of wall boards
• 17 types of wood stains
• 11 types of peanut flours
• 30 types of cloth dyes
• 50 types of food products

Among his sweet potato related inventions were:

• 73 types of dye
• 17 types of wood fillers
• 14 types of candy
• 5 types of library paste
• 5 types of breakfast foods
• 4 types of starches
• 4 types of flour
• 3 types of molasses

Bonus Facts:

• Some of the more interesting food related products Carver was able to make from peanuts were: cocoa substitute; mayonnaise; dehydrated milk flakes; cheese; instant coffee; asparagus substitute; pepper;  meat substitutes including Mock Goose, Mock Chicken, Mock Oyster, Mock Pig,  and Mock Veal.
• Joseph L. Rosenfield in 1928 invented the churning process that gives peanut butter the smooth texture we have today.  He originally licensed this process to Pond Company, who makes Peter Pan peanut butter.  In 1932, he started his own peanut butter company which he named Skippy.
• Carver did not patent the vast majority of his inventions; in fact, he only patented three.  He believed his discoveries with food products were all gifts from God.   “God gave them to me.”  He would say about his ideas, “How can I sell them to someone else?”
• In 1940, three years before his death, Carver donated his life savings of $60,000 to the establishment of the Carver Research Foundation at Tuskegee, which is an organization dedicated to continuing research in agriculture.
• The epitaph on the grave of Carver reads as follows: “He could have added fortune to fame, but caring for neither, he found happiness and honor in being helpful to the world.”
• Not only did he not patent most of his discoveries, Carver once turned down a job to work for Thomas Edison for an annual salary of $100,000 (in today’s currency that would be around 1 million dollars a year), because Edison would have not made the inventions Carver came up with, while he worked there, free to the public.  Carver wanted his inventions available for anyone to use at no cost.
• Carver also liked to make his discoveries easy for other people to reproduce, including farmers, many of whom were barely literate.  He published many pamphlets giving instructions for farmers to make such things as adhesives, axle grease, bleach, buttermilk, chili sauce, fuel briquettes, instant coffee, inks, meat tenderizers, metal polish, paper, plastics, pavement, synthetic rubber, wood stain, etc.
• The three patents Carver did apply for were #1,522,176, 1/6/1925, Cosmetics & Plant Products;  #1,541,478, 6/9/1925, Paints & Stains; #1,632,365, 6/14/1927, Paints & Stains
• Peanut butter is made by:
  • First roasting the peanuts at around 240 degrees Celsius (464 degrees Fahrenheit).  At this stage the peanuts turn from white to light brown.
  • The peanuts are then cooled rapidly so that they don’t continue to cook and so that the natural oils remain in the peanut.
  • They are then blanched with the blancher machine removing the skins and splitting the kernels and removing the heart at the center.  The skins are typically then sold for pig food and the hearts for bird food.
  • The split peanut kernels are then dropped into a grinder where they are slowly ground into a paste.  This is done slowly to make sure the peanuts don’t heat up too much in the grinding process.
  • Additional ingredients are then added to the peanut paste, such as sugar, salt, and hydrogenated vegetable oil.  The purpose of the vegetable oil is to make it so the natural peanut oils do not separate from the butter; though, in some brands of peanut butter, you will still see this happen at times, as with one of the creamier brands of peanut butter, Peter Pan.
• Despite peanut butter not needing refrigerated, most major brands of peanut butter do not contain any preservatives.
• Over 50% of all peanuts grown in the United States are used for making peanut butter and other peanut spreads.
• Carver played a huge role in the recovery of the South’s economy, which had formerly been based primarily on the production of cotton and tobacco, which depleted soils and had the secondary side effect of having near the entire southern economy based on just two crops; one of which was being threatened by weevils in Carver’s time.
• It was Carver who developed a system for rotating specific crops in the South which would allow for the fields to be used in a sustainable fashion and provided a more diverse income source for farmers.  This rotation included alternating nitrate producing legumes, such as peanuts and peas, with cotton.  He later discovered that pecans and sweet potatoes also enriched the depleted soils and so proceeded to recommend those in the rotation.  *note: crop rotation methods have been around for thousands of years.  Carver simply put forth a specific system which would allow the South to still grow cotton and tobacco in large quantities, while at the same time be able to grow other crops to sell that would replenish the soil with the nutrients the cotton and tobacco used up.
• He then successfully campaigned to get the farmers to use this system.  After that, he invented numerous ways for these crops to be used to make them valuable things to grow; such as with peanuts, which previously were not a valuable crop outside of being used for feed for livestock.  With the South now producing significantly more peanuts than was needed at the time, it created a massive surplus and the prices plummeted.  Not to be deterred, Carver then proceeded to discover over 300 uses of peanuts that made the crops valuable once again.   He did the same thing for sweet potatoes and pecans; this all then created a huge market for these products that the southern farmers were now growing in-mass.  By the time of Carver’s death, peanuts alone had gone from a rarely grown crop, to one of the six largest crops produced in America.
• Carver also developed many cures and preventative measures for stopping various fungi from killing plants, such as cherry plants.  In the process, he discovered two new types of fungus that now bear his name.
• Carver’s significant aid to the country didn’t stop there.  During WWI, when textile dyes that had previously been imported from Europe were in short supply, he managed to produce over 500 shades of dye from products such as soybeans and peanuts, which were readily available in America.  This didn’t just help the textile companies, but also diverted cash that used to go to Europe from America, but now went to American farmers.
• Also during WWI, his method for creating synthetic rubber from goldenrod, which is a weed, was a huge boon to the United States Army.  Carver had developed this method with Henry Ford, whom he was close friends with.
• When Carver’s health declined in 1937, Henry Ford had an elevator installed for Carver in his home as Carver could no longer use stairs.
• The area in Diamond Grove, Missouri, where George Washington Carver grew up, is now preserved as a park.  It was the first national monument in the United States dedicated to an American with black skin.
• Carver’s fame skyrocketed after being selected by the United Peanut Association of America to speak to the U.S. House of Representatives on the issue of peanut tariffs.  Initially, he was mocked, primarily by southern congressmen; but by the end of his speech, he was given a standing ovation.  His eloquence and intelligence during this speech endeared him both to the congressman and the general public.
• During his lifetime, Carver was often mocked by other scientists for his steadfast Christian beliefs and the fact that he believed God guided his research.  This frequent criticism also aided in his rise to fame, as the general public viewed these criticisms as an attack on religion.
• Carver compiled a list of eight cardinal virtues for all his students to try to emulate.  These were:
  • Be clean both inside and out.
  • Neither look up to the rich nor down on the poor.
  • Lose, if need be, without squealing.
  • Win without bragging.
  • Always be considerate of women, children, and older people.
  • Be too brave to lie.
  • Be too generous to cheat.
  • Take your share of the world and let others take theirs.

• George Washington Carver was born in 1864, near the end of the Civil War, in Missouri, at the farm of Moses Carver, who owned George’s mother Mary and father Giles.  Moses Carver had purchased Mary and Giles for $700 in 1855.  His mother and he were kidnapped by Civil War raiders and sent to Arkansas.  Moses Carver hired John Bentley to find George and reclaimed him by swapping a racehorse for him, but his mother was never found.  George was raised by Moses and Susan Carver as if he were their own son.  George struggled to get a proper education, owing to the color of his skin, but eventually found a schoolhouse and later, at the age of 30, a University that would take him. He was the first black man at Iowa State University.
• Carver earned a Bachelor of Science degree in 1897 from Iowa State University and a Master of Botany and Agriculture in 1897.  He then became a member of the faculty at Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanics and later at the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute for Negroes, where he remained until his death in 1943.  While there however, he was frequently known to tender his resignation for various reasons, generally stemming from wounded pride.
• Early in life, Carver had a mysterious illness that made him somewhat frail.  He was not expected to live into adulthood.  All 10 of his sisters and his one brother died prematurely from similar ailments.

Expand for References:

• History of Peanut Butter
• Biography: George Washington Carver
• George Washington Carver
• List of Common Misconceptions
• How Peanut Butter is Made
• George Washington Carver
• This Day in Tech: Events That Shaped the World
• George Washington Carver’s Inventions
• Intellectual World: George Washington Carver’s Inventions

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President Obama's Speech on Sept. 10, 2013

President Obama delivered the following remarks making the case for a military strike against the Syrian government on Sept. 10, 2013, at the White House.

"The world saw thousands of videos, cell phone pictures, and social media accounts from the attack, and humanitarian organizations told stories of hospitals packed with people who had symptoms of poison gas."

PRESIDENT OBAMA: My fellow Americans, tonight I want to talk to you about Syria -- why it matters, and where we go from here.

Over the past two years, what began as a series of peaceful protests against the repressive regime of Bashar al-Assad has turned into a brutal civil war. Over 100,000 people have been killed.

Millions have fled the country. In that time, America has worked with allies to provide humanitarian support, to help the moderate opposition, and to shape a political settlement. But I have resisted calls for military action, because we cannot resolve someone else’s civil war through force, particularly after a decade of war in Iraq and Afghanistan.

The situation profoundly changed, though, on August 21st, when Assad’s government gassed to death over a thousand people, including hundreds of children. The images from this massacre are sickening: Men, women, children lying in rows, killed by poison gas. Others foaming at the mouth, gasping for breath. A father clutching his dead children, imploring them to get up and walk. On that terrible night, the world saw in gruesome detail the terrible nature of chemical weapons, and why the overwhelming majority of humanity has declared them off-limits -- a crime against humanity, and a violation of the laws of war.

This was not always the case. In World War I, American GIs were among the many thousands killed by deadly gas in the trenches of Europe. In World War II, the Nazis used gas to inflict the horror of the Holocaust. Because these weapons can kill on a mass scale, with no distinction between soldier and infant, the civilized world has spent a century working to ban them.

And in 1997, the United States Senate overwhelmingly approved an international agreement prohibiting the use of chemical weapons, now joined by 189 governments that represent 98 percent of humanity. On August 21st, these basic rules were violated, along with our sense of common humanity. No one disputes that chemical weapons were used in Syria.

The world saw thousands of videos, cell phone pictures, and social media accounts from the attack, and humanitarian organizations told stories of hospitals packed with people who had symptoms of poison gas.

Moreover, we know the Assad regime was responsible. In the days leading up to August 21st, we know that Assad’s chemical weapons personnel prepared for an attack near an area where they mix sarin gas. They distributed gas masks to their troops. Then they fired rockets from a regime-controlled area into 11 neighborhoods that the regime has been trying to wipe clear of opposition forces. Shortly after those rockets landed, the gas spread, and hospitals filled with the dying and the wounded.

We know senior figures in Assad’s military machine reviewed the results of the attack, and the regime increased their shelling of the same neighborhoods in the days that followed.

We’ve also studied samples of blood and hair from people at the site that tested positive for sarin.

When dictators commit atrocities, they depend upon the world to look the other way until those horrifying pictures fade from memory. But these things happened. The facts cannot be denied. The question now is what the United States of America, and the international community, is prepared to do about it. Because what happened to those people -- to those children -- is not only a violation of international law, it’s also a danger to our security.

Let me explain why. If we fail to act, the Assad regime will see no reason to stop using chemical weapons. As the ban against these weapons erodes, other tyrants will have no reason to think twice about acquiring poison gas, and using them.

Over time, our troops would again face the prospect of chemical warfare on the battlefield. And it could be easier for terrorist organizations to obtain these weapons, and to use them to attack civilians.

If fighting spills beyond Syria’s borders, these weapons could threaten allies like Turkey, Jordan, and Israel. And a failure to stand against the use of chemical weapons would weaken prohibitions against other weapons of mass destruction, and embolden Assad’s ally, Iran -- which must decide whether to ignore international law by building a nuclear weapon, or to take a more peaceful path.

This is not a world we should accept. This is what’s at stake. And that is why, after careful deliberation, I determined that it is in the national security interests of the United States to respond to the Assad regime’s use of chemical weapons through a targeted military strike.

The purpose of this strike would be to deter Assad from using chemical weapons, to degrade his regime’s ability to use them, and to make clear to the world that we will not tolerate their use.

That’s my judgment as Commander-in-Chief. But I’m also the President of the world’s oldest constitutional democracy. So even though I possess the authority to order military strikes, I believed it was right, in the absence of a direct or imminent threat to our security, to take this debate to Congress. I believe our democracy is stronger when the President acts with the support of Congress. And I believe that America acts more effectively abroad when we stand together. This is especially true after a decade that put more and more war-making power in the hands of the President, and more and more burdens on the shoulders of our troops, while sidelining the people’s representatives from the critical decisions about when we use force. Now, I know that after the terrible toll of Iraq and Afghanistan, the idea of any military action, no matter how limited, is not going to be popular. After all, I’ve spent four and a half years working to end wars, not to start them. Our troops are out of Iraq. Our troops are coming home from Afghanistan. And I know Americans want all of us in Washington -- especially me -- to concentrate on the task of building our nation here at home: putting people back to work, educating our kids, growing our middle class.

It’s no wonder, then, that you’re asking hard questions. So let me answer some of the most important questions that I’ve heard from members of Congress, and that I’ve read in letters that you’ve sent to me. First, many of you have asked, won’t this put us on a slippery slope to another war? One man wrote to me that we are “still recovering from our involvement in Iraq.” A veteran put it more bluntly: “This nation is sick and tired of war.”

My answer is simple: I will not put American boots on the ground in Syria.

I will not pursue an open-ended action like Iraq or Afghanistan. I will not pursue a prolonged air campaign like Libya or Kosovo.

This would be a targeted strike to achieve a clear objective: deterring the use of chemical weapons, and degrading Assad’s capabilities.

Others have asked whether it’s worth acting if we don’t take out Assad. As some members of Congress have said, there’s no point in simply doing a “pinprick” strike in Syria.

Let me make something clear: The United States military doesn’t do pinpricks. Even a limited strike will send a message to Assad that no other nation can deliver. I don’t think we should remove another dictator with force -- we learned from Iraq that doing so makes us responsible for all that comes next.

But a targeted strike can make Assad, or any other dictator, think twice before using chemical weapons.

Other questions involve the dangers of retaliation. We don’t dismiss any threats, but the Assad regime does not have the ability to seriously threaten our military. Any other retaliation they might seek is in line with threats that we face every day. Neither Assad nor his allies have any interest in escalation that would lead to his demise. And our ally, Israel, can defend itself with overwhelming force, as well as the unshakeable support of the United States of America.

Many of you have asked a broader question: Why should we get involved at all in a place that’s so complicated, and where -- as one person wrote to me -- “those who come after Assad may be enemies of human rights?” It’s true that some of Assad’s opponents are extremists. But al Qaeda will only draw strength in a more chaotic Syria if people there see the world doing nothing to prevent innocent civilians from being gassed to death.

The majority of the Syrian people -- and the Syrian opposition we work with -- just want to live in peace, with dignity and freedom. And the day after any military action, we would redouble our efforts to achieve a political solution that strengthens those who reject the forces of tyranny and extremism.

Finally, many of you have asked: Why not leave this to other countries, or seek solutions short of force?

As several people wrote to me, “We should not be the world’s policeman.” I agree, and I have a deeply held preference for peaceful solutions. Over the last two years, my administration has tried diplomacy and sanctions, warning and negotiations -- but chemical weapons were still used by the Assad regime.

However, over the last few days, we’ve seen some encouraging signs. In part because of the credible threat of U.S. military action, as well as constructive talks that I had with President Putin, the Russian government has indicated a willingness to join with the international community in pushing Assad to give up his chemical weapons.

The Assad regime has now admitted that it has these weapons, and even said they’d join the Chemical Weapons Convention, which prohibits their use. It’s too early to tell whether this offer will succeed, and any agreement must verify that the Assad regime keeps its commitments.

But this initiative has the potential to remove the threat of chemical weapons without the use of force, particularly because Russia is one of Assad’s strongest allies.

I have, therefore, asked the leaders of Congress to postpone a vote to authorize the use of force while we pursue this diplomatic path.

I’m sending Secretary of State John Kerry to meet his Russian counterpart on Thursday, and I will continue my own discussions with President Putin.

I’ve spoken to the leaders of two of our closest allies, France and the United Kingdom, and we will work together in consultation with Russia and China to put forward a resolution at the U.N. Security Council requiring Assad to give up his chemical weapons, and to ultimately destroy them under international control.

We’ll also give U.N. inspectors the opportunity to report their findings about what happened on August 21st. And we will continue to rally support from allies from Europe to the Americas -- from Asia to the Middle East -- who agree on the need for action.

Meanwhile, I’ve ordered our military to maintain their current posture to keep the pressure on Assad, and to be in a position to respond if diplomacy fails. And tonight, I give thanks again to our military and their families for their incredible strength and sacrifices.

My fellow Americans, for nearly seven decades, the United States has been the anchor of global security. This has meant doing more than forging international agreements -- it has meant enforcing them.

The burdens of leadership are often heavy, but the world is a better place because we have borne them.

And so, to my friends on the right, I ask you to reconcile your commitment to America’s military might with a failure to act when a cause is so plainly just.

To my friends on the left, I ask you to reconcile your belief in freedom and dignity for all people with those images of children writhing in pain, and going still on a cold hospital floor. For sometimes resolutions and statements of condemnation are simply not enough.

Indeed, I’d ask every member of Congress, and those of you watching at home tonight, to view those videos of the attack, and then ask: What kind of world will we live in if the United States of America sees a dictator brazenly violate international law with poison gas, and we choose to look the other way?

Franklin Roosevelt once said, “Our national determination to keep free of foreign wars and foreign entanglements cannot prevent us from feeling deep concern when ideals and principles that we have cherished are challenged.”

Our ideals and principles, as well as our national security, are at stake in Syria, along with our leadership of a world where we seek to ensure that the worst weapons will never be used.

America is not the world’s policeman. Terrible things happen across the globe, and it is beyond our means to right every wrong. But when, with modest effort and risk, we can stop children from being gassed to death, and thereby make our own children safer over the long run, I believe we should act. That’s what makes America different. That’s what makes us exceptional. With humility, but with resolve, let us never lose sight of that essential truth.

Thank you. God bless you. And God bless the United States of America.

 Transcript provided for commentary here and is available with comments disabled and free of advertisement & comments (Unless you are using Microsoft Internet Explorer).

http://wp.me/pgvsD-fu

Transcript courtesy of the White House.

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14-Year-Old Girl Trades Sex For Bacon Double Cheeseburger, Has No Regrets

10/30/07 This chat is off the record  Learn more  Cancel Google Chat User  is idle. BrutalTruthFM@gmail.com: 14-Year-Old Girl Trades Sex For Bacon Double Cheeseburger, Has No Regrets Angelique is a 14-year-old girl who's been having sex since she was 11, and is apparently a hooker. She went on the Maury Povich show yesterday* to explain that she's confident in the way she looks, loves her lifestyle, will beat the shit out of anyone who doesn't agree with her, and brags about how she has had sex for a bacon double cheeseburger. *10/30/07 Google Chat User: well that would make her 19 now i wonder how that has worked out for her BrutalTruthFM@gmail.com: she has moved up to Hardees "triple thickburgers with double the bacon"? :-D nom nom nom Google Chat User: no actually i am kind of serious here BrutalTruthFM@gmail.com: all Maury does is exploit these poor girls. he doesn't actually care - do you think there is EVER any kind of follow up or outreach? Hell no! It's then onto the next paternity test, deformed kid, drag queen, then back to a new crop of teen prostitutes. the real problem is that 'mainstream America' eats this shit up, which is why it's such a depressing, vicious circle nom nom nom I feel so sorry for girls who think of sex as being the only useful skill they have. Not a great way to start out your life. That being said, for me personally, sex and a double bacon cheeseburger sounds exactly like what I would like to be doing right now. Though not at the same time. Sex first then burger nom nom nom Sent at 8:00 PM on Friday